[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":821},["ShallowReactive",2],{"post-\u002Fposts\u002Fwhat-is-bitcoin":3,"post-author-garywoodfine":431,"post-aside-video-none":6,"\u002Fposts\u002Fwhat-is-bitcoin-surround":440,"navigation":451,"content-section-services":499,"content-section-products":502,"content-section-company":505,"legal-link":507,"authors":523,"author-garywoodfine":552,"post-aside-related-candidates":553},{"id":4,"title":5,"aside":6,"author":7,"body":8,"category":406,"date":407,"description":408,"extension":409,"featureImage":410,"meta":412,"navigation":414,"path":415,"seo":416,"sitemap":417,"slug":6,"stem":425,"subtitle":426,"summary":427,"tags":428,"updated":6,"video":6,"__hash__":430},"posts\u002Fposts\u002Fwhat-is-bitcoin.md","What is Bitcoin?",null,"garywoodfine",{"type":9,"value":10,"toc":398},"minimark",[11,35,45,65,70,77,80,85,110,117,126,130,133,140,145,154,158,161,164,177,188,191,196,199,202,212,216,219,232,235,246,249,253,256,259,262,265,269,283,290,316,319,345,349,352,355,388,391,395],[12,13,14,15,19,20,27,28,34],"p",{},"On the 31 October 2008, an individual or a group of individuals, making use of a pseudonym of ",[16,17,18],"em",{},"Satoshi Nakamoto"," published a link on a cryptography mailing list to a paper titled ",[21,22,26],"a",{"href":23,"rel":24,"title":26},"http:\u002F\u002Fsatoshinakamoto.me\u002Fbitcoin.pdf",[25],"nofollow","Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System",". The paper detailed methods of using a peer-to-peer network to generate what the paper described as an ",[16,29,30],{},[31,32,33],"strong",{},"electronic payment system based on cryptographic proof instead of trust",".",[36,37,38],"quote-text",{},[39,40,42],"template",{"v-slot:text":41},"",[12,43,44],{},"Bitcoin is a decentralised digital currency, also known as a cryptocurrency, that enables direct, peer-to-peer transactions without the need for intermediaries like banks or financial institutions.",[12,46,47,48,51,52,55,56,59,60,34],{},"The white-paper was an evolutionary piece of work, in that it tied together a number of concepts and previous attempts to create anonymous and ",[16,49,50],{},"decentralised digital currency"," . Many of the previous attempts were unsuccessful because they could not solve the problem of preventing double spending in a completely ",[16,53,54],{},"trustless"," or ",[16,57,58],{},"permissionless","\nenvironment.  Bitcoin provided a solution to this problem by introducing the ",[21,61,64],{"href":62,"title":63},"what-is-blockchain","What is Blockchain","Bitcoin Blockchain",[66,67,69],"h3",{"id":68},"what-is-the-double-spend-problem","What is the Double Spend Problem",[12,71,72,73,76],{},"The ",[31,74,75],{},"Double Spend Problem"," is a fundamental issue in digital currency and cryptography that refers to the risk of spending the same unit of currency twice. In traditional fiat currency systems, this problem is mitigated by physical possession of cash and the use of serial numbers to track currency. However, in digital currencies, the problem is more\ncomplex because digital information can be easily replicated.",[12,78,79],{},"In a digital currency system, a user could potentially make a copy of their digital coin or token and spend it multiple times, effectively creating multiple transactions with the same unit of currency. This would allow the user to spend more currency than they actually possess, which could lead to inflation, devaluation of the currency, and a loss of trust in the system.",[12,81,72,82,84],{},[16,83,75],{}," is particularly challenging in decentralised digital currency systems, such as cryptocurrencies, where there is no central authority to verify transactions and prevent double spending. To address this issue, cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin use a combination of cryptographic techniques, such as digital signatures and hash\nfunctions, and a decentralised ledger, called a blockchain, to record transactions and prevent double spending.",[12,86,87,88,91,92,97,98,103,104,109],{},"Bitcoin also provided a solution to the ",[31,89,90],{},"SMR Problem"," ",[21,93,96],{"href":94,"rel":95},"https:\u002F\u002Famturing.acm.org\u002Faward_winners\u002Flamport_1205376.cfm",[25],"introduced in 1978 by Leslie Lamport"," and ",[21,99,102],{"href":100,"rel":101},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cs.cornell.edu\u002Fpeople\u002Ffred-b-schneider",[25],"formalised in 1980 by Fred Schneider",".  The ",[31,105,106],{},[16,107,108],{},"State Machine Replication (SMR)"," problem is concerned with ensuring that a distributed system remains consistent and fault-tolerant despite failures and network issues.",[36,111,112],{},[39,113,114],{"v-slot:text":41},[12,115,116],{},"The State Machine Replication problem is concerned with ensuring that a distributed system remains consistent and fault-tolerant despite failures and network issues.",[12,118,119,120,125],{},"Bitcoin solves the problem by allowing the replication of blocks at all correct nodes and ensuring consistency via its ",[31,121,122],{},[16,123,124],{},"Proof Of Work (PoW)"," mechanism. Here, the agreement is reached between nodes (or replicas) repeatedly to append new blocks to the blockchain.",[66,127,129],{"id":128},"electronic-money","Electronic Money",[12,131,132],{},"Electronic money, also known as e-money, refers to a digital representation of value that can be stored, transmitted, and used for financial transactions electronically. It is a form of currency that exists only in digital form and is not physical, like coins or banknotes. E-money is typically stored in electronic wallets or digital purses and can be used to make payments, transfers, and other financial transactions online, over the phone, or through other electronic means.",[12,134,135,136,139],{},"The concept of electronic cash (e-cash), or digital currency, is not new. Since the 1980s, e-cash protocols have existed that are based on a model proposed by ",[16,137,138],{},"David Chaum",".  The important lesson learned from these efforts were that in order to create an effective digital monetary system there were two fundamental components that needed to be met.",[141,142,144],"h4",{"id":143},"accountability","Accountability",[12,146,147,148,153],{},"Accountability is the concept that ensures that cash is spendable only once and by its rightful owner. This is typically known as the ",[16,149,150],{},[31,151,152],{},"Double-spending problem",", which arises when the same money is spent twice. As it is quite easy to make copies of digital data, this becomes a big issue in digital currencies as you can make many copies of the same digital cash.",[141,155,157],{"id":156},"privacy","Privacy",[12,159,160],{},"Protecting users privacy is of key consideration of digital money.",[12,162,163],{},"One of the advantages of physical cash, it is almost impossible to trace back spending to the individual who actually\npaid the money, which provides adequate privacy should the consumer choose to hide their identity",[12,165,166,167,170,171,176],{},"One of the shortcomings of the digital world, especially one with the advent of Google and other Web 2.0 companies like Facebook, Instagram, TikTok and other ",[16,168,169],{},"surveillance capital"," era companies is that providing such a level of privacy is difficult due to inherent personalisation, tracing, and logging mechanisms not only in the platforms but also in the\ndigital payment systems such as credit card payments. Governments and financial institutions argue that this is a required feature for ensuring the ",[31,172,173],{},[16,174,175],{},"security and safety"," of the financial network, whilst attempting to ignore and obfuscate the complete breach of privacy.",[12,178,179,180,183,184,187],{},"Bitcoin provides a solution to these problems via distributed consensus in a network without a trusted third party, using ",[16,181,182],{},"public key cryptography"," with a ",[16,185,186],{},"Proof of Work (PoW)"," mechanism to provide a secure and decentralised method of minting digital currency.",[12,189,190],{},"The key innovation is the idea of an ordered list of blocks composed of transactions that is cryptographically secured by the PoW mechanism to prevent double-spending without relying on a trusted third party.",[192,193],"content-image",{"image":194,"title":195},"bitcoin-comprise_ftjue2","What Bitcoin is comprised of",[12,197,198],{},"Just like the technical aspects of Bitcoin draw on many influences, so does the rest of Bitcoin.  The answers to the yet seemingly simple question \"What is Bitcoin?\", could just as well come from a myriad of disciplines such as Law, Economics,finance, civil society, history and many more.  The reality is you could create a pretty comprehensive study curriculum\naround Bitcoin and still have more material yet to study.",[12,200,201],{},"When I first got into Bitcoin, as a software engineer I was drawn to the computer science aspect and the code. However, as I started digging deeper, I gradually got drawn to the other disciplines to discover they were equally interesting and compelling.",[12,203,204,205,211],{},"Over past several years as I spent more time studying and learning these other subjects,\nthe only way to truly understand the Bitcoin and the economic problems it solves, is read\nbooks like the ",[21,206,210],{"href":207,"rel":208,"title":209},"https:\u002F\u002Fgarywoodfine.com\u002Freviews\u002Fbooks\u002Fbitcoin-standard",[25],"Book Review: The Bitcoin Standard","Bitcoin Standard",", which will serve as a great introduction\nand reference point for further study.",[66,213,215],{"id":214},"bitcoin-architecture","Bitcoin Architecture",[12,217,218],{},"As mentioned previously Bitcoin is built on decades of research. Various ideas and techniques from cryptography and\ndistributed computing such as;",[220,221,222,226,229],"ul",{},[223,224,225],"li",{},"Merkle trees",[223,227,228],{},"Hash functions",[223,230,231],{},"Digital signatures",[12,233,234],{},"Bitcoin also drew on many other ideas and influences to lay the groundwork, such as;",[220,236,237,240,243],{},[223,238,239],{},"BitGold",[223,241,242],{},"b-money",[223,244,245],{},"hashcash",[12,247,248],{},"Taking learnings from these previous attempts Bitcoin was able to provide and develop solutions to several historically\ndifficult problems related to electronic cash and distributed systems such as:",[141,250,252],{"id":251},"the-byzantine-generals-problem","The Byzantine Generals problem",[12,254,255],{},"a classic problem in distributed computing and cryptography, which was first described by Leslie Lamport, Robert Shostak, and Marshall Pease in their 1982 paper. The problem illustrates the challenges of achieving consensus in a distributed system where some of the participants may be faulty or malicious.",[12,257,258],{},"The scenario is based on a historical story about Byzantine generals who needed to coordinate an attack on a city. They had to agree on a common battle plan, but some of them might be traitors who could send false messages to confuse the others. The problem is to find a way for the loyal generals to reach a consensus on a plan of action, even in the presence of traitors who might try to disrupt the communication.",[12,260,261],{},"In the context of distributed systems, the Byzantine Generals' Problem is about ensuring that all nodes in a network can agree on a single value or state, even if some nodes are faulty or malicious. This is crucial for systems like cryptocurrencies, where all participants need to agree on the state of the blockchain.",[12,263,264],{},"Solutions to the Byzantine Generals' Problem often involve complex protocols that allow nodes to verify the integrity of messages and reach a consensus, despite the potential for some nodes to be unreliable or malicious. These solutions are foundational to the development of fault-tolerant distributed systems and cryptocurrencies.",[141,266,268],{"id":267},"sybil-attacks","Sybil attacks",[12,270,271,272,275,276,279,280,282],{},"type of attack on a peer-to-peer network where a single entity creates multiple fake identities or nodes, known as ",[31,273,274],{},"Sybil nodes"," to gain disproportionate influence or control over the network. The term ",[16,277,278],{},"Sybil"," is derived from the book ",[16,281,278],{}," by Flora Rheta Schreiber, A controversial cult classic which tells the story of a woman with multiple personality disorder.",[12,284,285,286,289],{},"In the context of blockchain and cryptocurrency networks, a ",[31,287,288],{},"Sybil Attack"," can be used to manipulate the network in various ways, such as:",[220,291,292,298,304,310],{},[223,293,294,297],{},[31,295,296],{},"Double-Spending:"," By controlling a large number of Sybil nodes, an attacker can attempt to double-spend coins by creating conflicting transactions.",[223,299,300,303],{},[31,301,302],{},"Consensus Manipulation:"," In proof-of-stake (PoS) systems, where validators are chosen based on the number of tokens they hold, an attacker with many Sybil nodes could potentially gain a majority of the voting power, allowing them to control the network.",[223,305,306,309],{},[31,307,308],{},"Network Partitioning:"," Sybil nodes can be used to partition the network, isolating certain nodes and preventing them from participating in the consensus process.",[223,311,312,315],{},[31,313,314],{},"Spam and Denial of Service:"," Sybil nodes can be used to spam the network with transactions or messages, overwhelming legitimate nodes and causing a denial of service.",[12,317,318],{},"To mitigate Sybil Attacks, networks often employ mechanisms such as:",[220,320,321,327,333,339],{},[223,322,323,326],{},[31,324,325],{},"Proof-of-Work (PoW):"," Requires computational effort to create new nodes, making it costly to create a large number of Sybil nodes.",[223,328,329,332],{},[31,330,331],{},"Proof-of-Stake (PoS):"," Requires nodes to have a significant stake in the network, making it expensive to create Sybil nodes.",[223,334,335,338],{},[31,336,337],{},"Reputation Systems:"," Nodes are assigned a reputation score based on their behaviour, making it harder for Sybil nodes to gain influence.",[223,340,341,344],{},[31,342,343],{},"Identity Verification:"," Implementing methods to verify the identity of nodes, reducing the ability to create fake identities.",[141,346,348],{"id":347},"the-double-spending-problem","The double-spending problem",[12,350,351],{},"A typical potential issue in digital currency systems is where the same digital token can be spent more than once. This is a significant challenge because digital information can be easily duplicated, unlike physical cash, which can only be in one place at a time. If not properly addressed, double-spending could undermine the value and trust in a digital currency.",[12,353,354],{},"In the context of cryptocurrencies, the double-spending problem is solved through the use of a blockchain and a consensus mechanism. Here's how it works:",[356,357,358,364,370,376,382],"ol",{},[223,359,360,363],{},[31,361,362],{},"Blockchain Technology",": When a transaction is made, it is broadcast to the network and added to a block. Each block contains a list of transactions and is linked to the previous block, forming a chain of blocks (hence, \"blockchain\").",[223,365,366,369],{},[31,367,368],{},"Consensus Mechanisms",": Nodes in the network (miners in Proof-of-Work systems, validators in Proof-of-Stake systems) compete to validate transactions and add new blocks to the blockchain. They must agree on the state of the blockchain, ensuring that only one version of the transaction history is accepted.",[223,371,372,375],{},[31,373,374],{},"Confirmation",": Once a transaction is included in a block, it is considered confirmed. The more blocks added on top of that block, the more confirmations the transaction has, making it increasingly difficult for an attacker to alter the transaction history.",[223,377,378,381],{},[31,379,380],{},"Proof-of-Work (PoW)",": In systems like Bitcoin, miners solve complex mathematical problems to validate transactions and add new blocks. The energy and computational power required make it costly to alter the blockchain.",[223,383,384,387],{},[31,385,386],{},"Proof-of-Stake (PoS)",": In systems like Ethereum 2.0, validators are chosen based on the number of tokens they hold. They stake their tokens to validate transactions, and any malicious behaviour can result in the loss of their stake, deterring double-spending attempts.",[12,389,390],{},"By using these mechanisms, cryptocurrencies ensure that once a transaction is confirmed and added to the blockchain, it is nearly impossible to reverse or double-spend, thus maintaining the integrity and value of the digital currency.",[66,392,394],{"id":393},"conclusion","Conclusion",[12,396,397],{},"Bitcoin's use of blockchain technology and cryptographic techniques solved the double-spending problem without a trusted third party, a significant development in the history of digital currencies.",{"title":41,"searchDepth":399,"depth":399,"links":400},2,[401,403,404,405],{"id":68,"depth":402,"text":69},3,{"id":128,"depth":402,"text":129},{"id":214,"depth":402,"text":215},{"id":393,"depth":402,"text":394},"bitcoin","2024-05-12","Discover Bitcoin, the first decentralised digital currency. Created by Satoshi Nakamoto, Bitcoin offers a decentralised, secure payment system using blockchain technology.","md",{"url":411,"title":5},"v1719908027\u002Fbitcoin_szcm1m",{"publishDateTime":413},"2024-05-12:17:30",true,"\u002Fposts\u002Fwhat-is-bitcoin",{"title":5,"description":408},{"loc":415,"lastmod":407,"changefreq":418,"priority":419,"images":420},"monthly",0.8,[421,423],{"loc":422},"https:\u002F\u002Fres.cloudinary.com\u002Fthreenine-co-uk\u002Fimage\u002Fupload\u002Ff_jpg,w_1200\u002Fv1719908027\u002Fbitcoin_szcm1m",{"loc":424},"https:\u002F\u002Fres.cloudinary.com\u002Fthreenine-co-uk\u002Fimage\u002Fupload\u002Ff_jpg,w_1200\u002Fbitcoin-comprise_ftjue2","posts\u002Fwhat-is-bitcoin","Understanding the key concepts and technologies that form the basis of the evolution of a global monetary system."," Bitcoin ensures secure, transparent, and immutable transactions. Its supply is fixed at 21 million coins. As the first decentralised digital currency, Bitcoin has challenged conventional notions of money and value",[429,406],"blockchain","_E3NJ6I7gDVErfW8BRnCrzK4uJWzcQ-IlJbw48hRaP4",{"name":432,"to":433,"avatar":434,"sameAs":435},"Gary Woodfine","https:\u002F\u002Fgarywoodfine.com","garywoodfine_tlccjw",[436,437,438,439],"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fgarywoodfine","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002F@Threenineio","https:\u002F\u002Fnjump.me\u002Fnpub1a3jz7w9laar2k77dkkh2rhxunr9zpja5emrl5yrxetamt29swqyqmmt32y","nostr:npub1a3jz7w9laar2k77dkkh2rhxunr9zpja5emrl5yrxetamt29swqyqmmt32y",[441,446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"description":445,"children":-1},"Public Key Cryptography Explained: A Beginner's Guide","\u002Fposts\u002Fintroduction-to-public-and-private-key-cryptography","posts\u002Fintroduction-to-public-and-private-key-cryptography","Confused by public and private keys? This guide breaks down asymmetric cryptography in simple terms. Learn how it secures everything from your emails to Bitcoin & Nostr",{"title":447,"path":448,"stem":449,"description":450,"children":-1},"What is Bitcoin mining","\u002Fposts\u002Fwhat-is-bitcoin-mining","posts\u002Fwhat-is-bitcoin-mining","Bitcoin mining is the process that maintains the Bitcoin network and enables the creation of new bitcoins. It is a critical part of the Bitcoin network, ensuring the security and integrity of the blockchain.",{"id":452,"extension":453,"items":454,"meta":496,"stem":497,"__hash__":498},"navigation\u002Fnavigation.yaml","yaml",[455,468,481,489],{"label":456,"children":457},"products",[458,463],{"label":459,"icon":460,"description":461,"to":462},"Diogel","material-symbols:preview","Keep your Nostr identity in your hands, in your browser, on your phone or on your own server.","\u002Fproducts\u002Fdiogel",{"label":464,"icon":465,"description":466,"to":467},"Nostrfi","i-lucide-radio-tower","Nostr relay, storage and backend-service infrastructure for builders and operators.","\u002Fproducts\u002Fnostrfi",{"label":469,"children":470},"services",[471,476],{"label":472,"description":473,"icon":474,"to":475},"Nostr product development","Focused engineering support for teams building Nostr-native products, tools and protocol-aware user experiences.","game-icons:ostrich","\u002Fservices\u002Fnostr-product-development",{"label":477,"description":478,"icon":479,"to":480},"Bitcoin product development","Engineering for Bitcoin payments, wallet-connected flows and products where users hold their own keys.","bx:bxl-bitcoin","\u002Fservices\u002Fbitcoin-product-development",{"label":482,"children":483},"company",[484],{"label":485,"icon":486,"description":487,"to":488},"About","i-lucide-file-text","What we believe, what we build and how we work.","\u002Fcompany\u002Fabout",{"label":490,"children":491},"resources",[492],{"label":493,"icon":486,"description":494,"to":495},"Blog","Practical Bitcoin, Nostr and product engineering guides.","https:\u002F\u002Fthreenine.blog",{},"navigation","n-Xc9COCwoCHJiMCeBNLauHtuhxcGol-wu9S2og3Rqs",[500,501],{"label":472,"description":473,"icon":474,"to":475},{"label":477,"description":478,"icon":479,"to":480},[503,504],{"label":459,"icon":460,"description":461,"to":462},{"label":464,"icon":465,"description":466,"to":467},[506],{"label":485,"icon":486,"description":487,"to":488},[508,511,514,517,520],{"path":509,"title":510},"\u002Flegals\u002Fcookie-policy","Cookie Policy",{"path":512,"title":513},"\u002Flegals\u002Fcopyright","Copyright",{"path":515,"title":516},"\u002Flegals\u002Fcustomer-support","Customer Support",{"path":518,"title":519},"\u002Flegals\u002Fprivacy-policy","Privacy Policy",{"path":521,"title":522},"\u002Flegals\u002Fterms-of-service","Terms of Service",{"id":524,"title":432,"avatar":434,"body":525,"description":529,"extension":409,"meta":544,"name":432,"navigation":414,"path":545,"role":546,"sameAs":547,"seo":548,"stem":549,"summary":550,"to":433,"username":7,"__hash__":551},"authors\u002Fauthors\u002FGary Woodfine.md",{"type":9,"value":526,"toc":542},[527,530,533,536,539],[12,528,529],{},"Polyglot software engineer with extensive experience in software engineering, with a passion to build great scalable software to solve complex business problems. A track record in developing high-performance backend systems, optimizing architecture, and ensuring continuous availability of critical APIs.",[12,531,532],{},"I'm an independent software developer, vendor, architect, consultant, blogger, Bitcoin & Nostr Enthusiast. I've provided software development expertise and helped augment software development skills and teams for a number of startups, product companies, corporate IT shops, and consulting firms.",[12,534,535],{},"I started out in the software world back in 1995, building websites with HoTMetaL Pro & ASP and moved on to building web apps with .NET when it released in Beta in 2001, since then, I've shipped systems in just about every industry.",[12,537,538],{},"Along my journey, I have also shipped various platforms & products in a number of other programming languages or software development frameworks that have had their moments in the sun, but somehow I have always made way back to C# & .Net.",[12,540,541],{},"Over the years, I've strived to improve how I and my teams deliver value to the clients, customers, and end-users. That has led me down the path of exploring Agile, Domain-Driven Design, REST, messaging, distributed systems, and anything else I thought could help.",{"title":41,"searchDepth":399,"depth":399,"links":543},[],{},"\u002Fauthors\u002Fgary-woodfine","Managing Director",[436,437,438,439],{"title":432,"description":529},"authors\u002FGary Woodfine","independent software developer, vendor, architect, consultant, blogger, Bitcoin & Nostr Enthusiast. I've provided software development expertise and helped augment software development skills and teams for a number of startups, product companies, corporate IT shops, and consulting firms.","30ZWJ-6T2g8S0kLLgUhZWA7_QFUOpa5CElif7tAhsLo",{"title":432,"name":432,"role":546,"summary":550,"avatar":434,"username":7,"to":433},[554,565,576,583,590,597,608,617,623,630,636,641,651,660,666,672,675,680,689,695,702,708,712,717,722,727,732,737,743,748,755,763,769,773,778,781,787,792,797,801,807,812,816],{"path":555,"title":556,"date":557,"tags":558,"category":559,"featureImage":563},"\u002Fposts\u002Fwhat-is-a-nostr-client","What is a Nostr client?","2026-10-26",[559,560,156,561,562],"nostr","nostr-client","keys","getting-started",{"url":564,"title":556},"v1690313893\u002Fnostr-logo_hwrql1",{"path":566,"title":567,"date":568,"tags":569,"category":559,"featureImage":574},"\u002Fposts\u002Fhow-to-choose-nostr-relays","How to Choose Nostr 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